The Metamorphosis and Waiting for Godot Analysis | Dark humour in literature

The Metamorphosis and Waiting for Godot Analysis | Dark humour in literature Many writers have significantly utilized dark humor or black humor across various genres and time. Dark humor in Metamorphosis and Waiting For Godot have not only revealed to us through its various moments, ideas and issues that appeal to an audience at that time, but it also revealed to the readers and audience the nature of its characters. Although Vladimir, Estragon, Pozzo and Lucky have been created almost like stock characters, we seem to understand through Samuel Becketts use of dark humor moments of Pathos, meaninglessness and stagnancy in their lives. Franz Kafka on the other hand creates a transformation in his main character, Gregor Samsa, by turning him into a mere insect and watching not only Samsas family but his reading audience react to it. The opening scene of Waiting For Godot is a country road setting with a single tree, and we find Estragon trying to remove his boots with both his hands. After much struggle, he says Nothing to be done as if removing his shoes was such a profound thing to be doing and therefore nothing could be done about his inability to remove his boots. A little later, as through out the play, each of them exchange dialogues that do not correspond or even connect to each other in any way. Estragon: Ah, stop blathering and help me off with this bloody thing Vladimir: handing hand from the top of Eiffel tower, among the first. We were presentable in those days. Now its too late. They wouldnt even let us up. All of these dialogues would have sent the audience into splits but they also resound with the inability of Vladimir and Estragon living a full and meaning life. Another example of black humor in this play is the part where Estragon talks about the Dead Sea and how the very thought of it made him thirsty. This creates a roar of laughter amongst the audience as Estragon talks about the Dead Sea in context to the Gospels. But, the reality is that the water form the Dead Sea will quench no thirst, as it is highly saline. This brings out Estragons naÃÆ' ¯ve character as he talks about the Dead Sea in comparison to the Gospels Estragon: The Dead Sea was pale blue. The very look of it made me thirsty. The entrance of Pozzo and Lucky on stage undoubtedly thrives on dark humor. Lucky is being led by a rope tied to his neck and pozzo says, Lets say no more. Up pig! Every time he falls, he falls asleep. Up hog! Back! Stop! Turn! These staccato instructions, almost army style, seem to evoke a laugh or at least smile amongst the audience or readers. However, the slavish Lucky seems to be put into a demeaning situation, which doesnt fail to catch the audiences attention. The return of Pozzo held by Lucky on a rope seems to create a reverse image of the earlier situation. This image brings a certain satisfaction to the audience, a laugh no doubt, and yet makes the audience aware of how fortune is fickle and can change with such a strong impact. The technique of contrast used by Beckett in Waiting For Godot is another attempt to bring out humor and reveal character. Estragons constant worry of who Godot is and when he will come and Vladimirs attempt to constantly calm his nerves, Vladimir: He said Saturday. I think. Estragon: You think. Pozzos initial arrogance and later his dependence on Lucky while he crawls onto stage are humorous ways of representing the characters. Becketts constant use of repetition of language and actions are humorous but stagnant. This is further intensified when Vladimir and Estragon have nothing to eat but a single carrot and a rotten turnip, Estragon Im hungry Vladimir: Do you want a carrot? Estragon: Is that all there is? Vladimir: I might have some turnips They seem to be holding on to their dignity later in the play when they meet Lucky and Pozzo. They do not show their hunger nor do they ask for food. But the moment Pozzo and Lucky leave the stage, Estragon picks up the eaten chicken bones, trying to get some sustenance out of it, Estragon makes a dart at the bones, picks them up and begins to gnaw on them. All these action and dialogues used by Beckett derive a sense of black humor but reveal to us simultaneously the sterile, meaningless and unfulfilled life of its characters. When Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from troubled dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a monstrous insect. The very opening lines of The Metamorphosis stated in this casual style does not fail to bring a smile to the readers. For who can wake up and find themselves transformed into an insect and not panic. Strangely, Gregor seems unaffected by this transformation, assuming life would go on with his spindly legs and squeaky voice. Kafka describes Gregor as this thing with a monstrous body and spindly legs. He has legs that dont seem to support him and neither is he aware how to use them. Kafkas humorous description of Gregor Samsa trying to get on those legs and out of the door and back to work, Groping for support, he fell down with a little cry on his numerous legs brings out a roar of laughter as he falls back on his back and cries out in a squeaky voice for help. Gregor gave a start when he heard his voiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ irrepressible, painful squeaky The use of humor here reveals to us the helpless situation Samsa is trapped in and we as readers sympathize with this character. Later on in the book, Kafka describes how Samsas embarrassed father throws an apple at Gregors back and the apple sticks in the insects body It was an apple. Immediately, a second one flew after it. Gregor stood still in fright. Gregors serious wound, from which he suffered for over a month -since no one ventured to remove the apple, it remained in his flesh as a visible reminder. Although this seems visually funny, it draws upon the readers sympathy and empathy with Gregor. From this moment on G regor seems to deteriorate psychologically and physically and dies in a heap of dust, to be swept out and thrown into the trash by the Charwoman. At the end of The Metamorphosis Gregor Samsa is seen for the last time when he hears his sister playing the violin. He sneaks out of his room unaware that his current image not only frightened his family but also the lodgers who had come to stay as paying guests. Gregor attracted by playingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. This episode not only reveals to us almost like children playing Peek-a-boo, a child like humor, but we readers have become pained at such a transformation of Gregor. We have also unmistakably recognized that his family members have transformed too into selfish, heartless human beings who refuse to call the insect their son or brother (in the sisters case): I will not utter my brothers name in front of this monster Thus, through the examination of the two books, Waiting For Godot and The Metamorphosis, it can be concluded that it is through dark humor that the authors have brought out the respective characteristics of the individuals depicted. For example, the blunt Estragon, the clam Vladimir, the dominant Pozzo, the slavish Lucky or the tragic Samsa, all of these characteristics are brought out through the help of dark humor. We have encountered them all through humorous events, descriptions and pictures.

Loss of Innocence in Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart Darkness essays

Loss of Innocence in Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Heart of Darkness is Joseph Conrad's tale of one man's journey, both mental and physical, into the depths of the wild African jungle and the human soul. The seaman, Marlow, tells his crew a startling tale of a man named Kurtz and his expedition that culminates in his encounter with the "voice" of Kurtz and ultimately, Kurtz's demise. The passage from Part I of the novel consists of Marlow's initial encounter with the natives of this place of immense darkness, directly relating to Conrad's use of imagery and metaphor to illustrate to the reader the contrast between light and dark. The passage, although occurring earlier on in the novel, is interspersed with Marlow's two opposing points of view: one of naà ¯vetà ©, which comes before Marlow's eventual epiphany after having met Kurtz, and the matured perspective he takes on after all of the events leading up to his and Kurtz's encounter.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Almost immediately after the start of the passage, the reader is exposed to the prejudices of the white inhibitors. The indigenous people of the area are repeatedly compared to animals, dehumanizing them and depriving them of the common respect that all people deserve, regardless of race or creed. On page 24, Marlow says "A lot of people, mostly black and naked, moved about like ants." Reinforcing this idea, he lends them other animal-like qualities, calling the sickly ones "creatures" and describing their movements as being "off on all fours...to drink," and even the act of drinking is described as the native having "lapped out of his hand," reminiscent of something a dog would do (28).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another interesting employment of language used by... ...s of the jungle, which sought to swallow him whole like the snake devouring its prey, sending it deeper within its body digesting it by stripping it of its layers one by one, paralleling the snake-like qualities of the river that drew Marlow deeper and deeper into its dark nothingness. And just like the Ancient Mariner, who is doomed to tell his tale for the rest of his life for the sake of penitence, Marlow, too, seems to retell his story of the tragic loss of innocence, of death and rebirth. Regardless of how many times the story had been told before it got to the narrator who eventually transcribed the events, it is one of great importance. It tells us that we must not judge a book by its cover, regardless of how convinced we may be of what is inside.    Works Cited Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1994.    Loss of Innocence in Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart Darkness essays Loss of Innocence in Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Heart of Darkness is Joseph Conrad's tale of one man's journey, both mental and physical, into the depths of the wild African jungle and the human soul. The seaman, Marlow, tells his crew a startling tale of a man named Kurtz and his expedition that culminates in his encounter with the "voice" of Kurtz and ultimately, Kurtz's demise. The passage from Part I of the novel consists of Marlow's initial encounter with the natives of this place of immense darkness, directly relating to Conrad's use of imagery and metaphor to illustrate to the reader the contrast between light and dark. The passage, although occurring earlier on in the novel, is interspersed with Marlow's two opposing points of view: one of naà ¯vetà ©, which comes before Marlow's eventual epiphany after having met Kurtz, and the matured perspective he takes on after all of the events leading up to his and Kurtz's encounter.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Almost immediately after the start of the passage, the reader is exposed to the prejudices of the white inhibitors. The indigenous people of the area are repeatedly compared to animals, dehumanizing them and depriving them of the common respect that all people deserve, regardless of race or creed. On page 24, Marlow says "A lot of people, mostly black and naked, moved about like ants." Reinforcing this idea, he lends them other animal-like qualities, calling the sickly ones "creatures" and describing their movements as being "off on all fours...to drink," and even the act of drinking is described as the native having "lapped out of his hand," reminiscent of something a dog would do (28).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another interesting employment of language used by... ...s of the jungle, which sought to swallow him whole like the snake devouring its prey, sending it deeper within its body digesting it by stripping it of its layers one by one, paralleling the snake-like qualities of the river that drew Marlow deeper and deeper into its dark nothingness. And just like the Ancient Mariner, who is doomed to tell his tale for the rest of his life for the sake of penitence, Marlow, too, seems to retell his story of the tragic loss of innocence, of death and rebirth. Regardless of how many times the story had been told before it got to the narrator who eventually transcribed the events, it is one of great importance. It tells us that we must not judge a book by its cover, regardless of how convinced we may be of what is inside.    Works Cited Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1994.   

Family and Delinquency Essay

How is it developed and how is it Solved? Introduction â€Å"Abuse† and â€Å"violence† are considered to be terms that are believed to be the understatement of the actual situation that is happening in the society right now. It could be observed that through the years, the number of individuals being victimized by the said dilemma are undeniably increasing making the word â€Å"abuse† not just a word but one among the many things that people within the human society fear most. Abuse is the way by which people try to maltreat their fellowmen. This is regardless of the fact that the people being maltreated are either their friends or their family members as well. It could not be denied that this dreadful situation have affected the sections of human socialization already. The school institutions, the workplace, the churches and now even within homes, the existence of abuse cannot be much controlled anymore. This is primarily the reason why it is very important to take several things regarding this particular issue into consideration for studying. This would naturally allow a more focused procedure that shall be developed to assist abused victims both young and old, men and women to recover from the situation that they have been involved with when they were abused in the past. It is pretty much appalling to know how a highly established society could be afflicted by the different effects of the abusive acts that are brought about as one of the major disadvantages of the advancements of the society. What are the sources of these major abuses? Most likely, as psychologists and sociologists point out, people are moved to create possible ways of releasing their tension regarding several experiences through afflicting the security of others. Most of those who are noted as the ones victimizing others have been once victims themselves. On their own way then, they are trying to release the depression and the pain that they are afflicted with through passing on the dreadful situation to others as revenge to those who have once victimized them. The abusive acts and their effects on the victim do not end on the actual act of abusing alone. The results of the said incidents account for further impact on the personality of the victim primarily pertaining on his or her social interaction with the community that he lives with. Most likely, isolation and the feeling of lesser self-worth eventually develop. It could not be denied that these results are hardly expected by the victims before they were involved with the abuse that they were faced with. Certainly, it is through the memories of the abuse that the pain tends to remain in complete control of the victim’s major dealings with the society. At some point, the said victims tend to become socially avoiding as they actually fear that the same thing might happen to them again in the hands of other people that they may or may not know. The trust that they used to have on other people before they were victimized eventually fades making it harder for them to recover on the past that they have experienced. The World Reports and What They Pertain to According to worldwide reports, there are several abusive acts that are taken against the â€Å"weak ones† in a daily basis. Depressingly, the numbers of the victims never cease to stop. Even though there is a strong push on the making of the different laws and ordinances that are designed to protect people from being abused on the places that they are living or working in, it is undeniable that there is still a considerable annual rise to the rate of the population becoming victims of the said dreadful situation. As mentioned above, there are numerous types of abuses that plagues the society today. With the influences of media and other publications that provoke both sexual desires and violence, the desires of people to do something awful to others to simply comply to the thirst that they feel for themselves and the satisfaction that they ought to reach become much vivid and harder to avoid. Hence, pushing the abusers to come up with destructive acts that bring others into a devastating situation. It could be noted too through psychological studies that one cause of the ways by which people are moved to follow a certain path that leads them to abusing others actually involve depression and in depth disregard of one’s self. Most of the time, when depression and stress takes over the mental system of a particular person, the deciding power of the person begins to weaken hence making it possible for him to take massive steps of destructive acts that usually lead to them abusing other people. Yes, frustrations and unfulfilled missions or aims bring much depression on human individuals. When this depression is treated in the wrong manner, the situation becomes harder to control. Psychologists particularly note this as one of the failures of the nervous system to assist one in righteously deciding for what is supposed to be acceptably right to do when hard-to-deal with circumstances arise. The said failure gradually affects to one loosing his control over his actions. Add to the fact that there are those who take addictive substances that are directly affecting their decision-making capabilities thus making it harder for them to judge of whether what they are doing are right or not. The Personal Effects of Abuse and Violence As mentioned earlier, violence and abuse are two related terms that describe the destructive situation that most people who are less able to protect themselves experience on the hands of the oppressive sector of the human population. Hence, through the study that has been presented above, it could be noted that the results of the said incidents may either be positive or negative on the part of the individual that has been victimized by the said situation. The result becomes positive when the victims primarily learns how to defend himself the next time that the same situation occurs or in some way he or she has already learned to protect themselves from actually being involved in destructive situations based on the experience that they once had. On the contrary, the results may become negative if the victim begins to view the situation as an incident that could bring her or him to a fearful state against the systems of the human society. The state of isolation becomes and self-rejection is then added to the negative results of the said incidents. Involving the Family Amidst all the successes that the society achieves through the existence of technology and communication, it is quite disturbing how the situation of the most important sector of the society suffers so much. Family, as the basic unit of the social relationships, is the one receiving the most negative effects of technological and industrial advancements. Intimacy and attachment has been much a hard case to deal with when dealing especially with the modern married couples. The thoughts of long ago regarding the long-run relationship that marriage is supposed to be had been gradually changed by the fact that system of the society today have already changed as well. The priorities and the goals of individuals have already been exchanged with the need of being economically successful in the field of their own chosen careers. Sadly, although both men and women are aware that they were meant to share a special relationship based on love, only few are able to realize to understand the reality of the vows that they give at the brink of their wedding ceremonies. Marriage, as a â€Å"human contract† is a special bond that should be considered as a serious link between two people who are bounded by love. However, at some point, the view of marriage has been changed during the present era. Because of the social changes, marriage has been subjected to different challenges. Today, conflicts are directly bombarded towards the relationship of married couples that in turn makes the situation much harder to deal with. As a result, many among those couples simply end up in divorce. For many years, it has been a standard definition of a family to be referred to as a group of people who are related to each other and are thus bonded together by blood. The attachment within the said group goes beyond just the existence of a common blood, but it is further linked stronger through the existence of love. With the said advancements though of the society, the family is further subjected to facing several issues that concerns the strength of its ties. . Since time is lacking, the members of the family are having a hard time creating time for themselves to at least deal with each other through communication, in turn, intimacy is lost. This is specifically true with parents, or married couples. Because of the time that they devote to their jobs, they usually find it hard to balance their time to give each other attention for the sake of the development of their relationship. As a result, the love that they once have lost the love that they once had for each other because of lack of time, communication and intimacy, their relationship’s solidity begins to drift away. On the contrary though, Donna and Roger are among the couples who are able to meet the challenges of marriage amidst all the challenges both personal and familial that are presented to the society nowadays. Although there had been some rough portions of their marriage, it could be noted through the interview that they have managed to set through their differences and were able to make adjustments so as to give themselves some room to improve as individuals and as couples. It is undeniable that being married at a young age is something that is much harder to deal with that dealing with simply the challenges of marriage itself. Aside from all the financial problems, personal adjustments certainly needed to be given attention especially on the part of the interviewees. The highlights of their relationship could be noted to have nothing to do with gaining surmountable amounts of wealth but with that of being together with their family. Seeing things in a simpler manner makes it easier for young couples to see life in a much less-complicated matter of life. It is through this that they are able to give importance to the more caring to better things that wealth itself. True, they recognize that material gains add up to the happiness of the family since it gives the members a chance to enjoy the things they want without limits at least. However, this does not mean that the happiness of family members does not only rely on the influence of money at all. Instead, real family happiness relies on the fact that family members are still able to connect with each other through communication and simply by just being together amidst the busy schedules that each member of the family deals with regarding their work or school activities as well as house chores. Making sure that each member is given the attention that they need from the family is an important key to family success. A Therapeutic Approach The Family Assessment Device has been designed to measure improvements concerning the Family Therapy. In a busy and complicated world that families have to deal with these days, it is very vital every family be able to face the challenges of today’s world. Although at times, the hardships that families has to face makes it difficult for its members to keep close and intact relationship with each other. Aside from this, the results of such a complicated life leads to different emotional and physical depressions which makes it harder for every family member to comprehend to each other’s needs and be able to cope with life’s changes at the same time. This is why many families chose to undergo several family therapies to be able to solve the growing gap between their members and thus lead a better family life. The Family Assessment Device includes six major dimensions that are connected to family functioning. The said six major scopes of the said assessment device are the problem solving, communication, roles, effective responsiveness, effective involvement and behavioral control. The dimension on Problem Solving intends to measure the capability of a family to be able to face and solve certain problems that arise within the family. With the use of questionnaires having four possible responses on agreeing to the solutions suggested and disagreeing, each family is scaled depending on their answers. The other dimensions as well follow the same pattern of questionnaires. After answering the questions, each result shall be averaged, evaluated and concluded regarding the improvements of the family in the therapies they undergo. The standard results for the Family Assessment Device which concludes that the family has already improved through the family therapy is based on how well they have comprehended with the activities they undergo during the therapy. There are major ways on how to evaluate the changes in a family. One is through the statistical significance of changes observed, another is through the percentage of dropping below clinical cut-offs and finally through the magnitude of change between intake and termination. These three major evaluation processes helps the psychologists to scale the improvements that the family being observed has already incurred. Many experts have proved the reliability of tests and family assessments such as the Family Assessment Device effective. True, at times, the application of this assessment may not be that easy but the cooperation of the family under therapy programs would really help in making assessments such as this a successful program. At times, there might be some family members who would rather depend on their own understanding of the problems they are facing than referring their problems to experts. Usually, this makes the FAD application harder to apply, but as said earlier, constant assistance and assurance to the families that they are being helped and not exploited or whatsoever, the Family Assessment could be concluded to be successful. Conclusion As it could be noted through the studies and discussion presented above, the result of violence and abuse upon the victim simply depends on his or her perception of the situation that occurred. Someone who is strong and wise enough in facing life’s challenges may look at this particular experience as a lesson that would teach him to take full responsibility of the situation the next time that the same thing happens. However, a person who is actually frail in facing the surprises that life has to offer would break down upon experiencing certain devastating incidents. Yes, it is one’s development as a person and perception towards life and the challenges that it brings that would actually determine the ways by which an individual would be affected by violence or abuse. It is only through a person’s discretion that the effects of the said situations could be identified within the growth progress that that particular person would undergo. It is also upon the person’s discretion as to how he or she would actually allow the said incident to impact her personality as well as her social dealings. In the end, yes, it will all depend on the person afflicted by the situation. References: Sexual Victimization,† Child Abuse and Neglect, 18 (1994):303–318. Browne, A. , and Finkelhor, D. , â€Å"Impact of Sexual Abuse: A Review of the Research,† Psychological Bulletin, 99 (1986):66–77. Beitchman, J. H. , et al. , â€Å"A Review of the Long- Term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse,† Child Abuse and Neglect, 16 (1992):101–118. Cathy Spatz, â€Å"Child Abuse, Neglect, and Adult Behavior: Research Design and Findings on Criminality, Violence, and Child Abuse,† American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59 (1989):355–67. Pfendler, B. A. (1997, April). Validation of the McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD) in an intensive family therapy program. Psychological Association, Washington D. C. Ridenour, T. A. , Daley, J. G. , & Reich, W. (1999). Factor Analyses of the Family Assessment Device. Family Process, 37,38. Sluttery, J. M. (1997). Predictors of Family Therapy Outcome. Unpublished data, Handout. Kabacoff, R. I. et al. (1990). A psychometric study of the McMaster Family Assessment Device in psychiatric, medical and nonclinical samples. Journal of Family Psychology.

Limits on U.S. Military Involvement in Humanitarian Crises essays

Limits on U.S. Military Involvement in Humanitarian Crises essays The primary purpose of setting up armed forces of any country is to ensure the stability of the nation in times of war. Further to this mission is to defend the country against foreign or domestic (with regulations) aggression. Hence, the military is there to conduct offensive and defensive combat operations as mandated by the chain of command. The United States military establishment especially has a long tradition of war fighting capabilities and history, but in some areas it has been called upon to handle humanitarian missions such as peacekeeping, relief operations, infrastructure buildup and related stability operations. The 1990s was the first decade in nearly half a century in which the U.S. military was deployed on missions that involved the reconstruction of governments, infrastructure, and economies after quelling the chaos of internecine conflicts. (Serafino, 2006) Majority of humanitarian missions involve peacekeeping duties and during a humanitarian intervention, the mi litarys mission is expected to derive from the U.S. national security strategy.1 The objective could be to support U.S. interests on behalf of allies, public concern, to support democracy, etc. These objectives are often different from those of the humanitarian action organizations involved, especially those of NGOs and IGOs. (Hinson, 1998) The involvement of the U.S. military in whatever humanitarian missions is still dependent on the National Command Authority. Although the missions are altruistic and serves a more positive output rather than the natural warfighting premise, humanitarian missions taxed the capability of the military from what their actual missions are. As Serafino reports (2006): For well over a decade, some Members of Congress expressed reservations about U.S. military involvement in peacekeeping operations. The Bush Administration initially opposed such missions and took steps to reduce the commitment o...

Free Essays on The Saccheri Quadrilateral

The Saccheri Quadrilateral Saccheri was a Jesuit priest who lived from 1667 to 1733. Before he passed away he published a book entitled Euclides ab omni nà ¦vo vidicatus. (Euclid Freed of Every Flaw). Saccheri suggested that for a line and a point, there are three possibilities. The first is that there is exactly one line through the point parallel to the given line. The second, there is no line through the point parallel to the given line. The third is more than one line through the point parallel to the given line. Saccheri investigated the summit angles of a quadrilateral; his result depended on the postulate chosen. He tried to find a contradiction to prove that Euclids fifth postulate was true. He assumed the negation of the parallel Postulate and tried to arrive at a contradiction. He studied a family of quadrilateral that have come to be called Saccheri quadrilateral. Saccheri tried to find a contradiction; he started with postulates other than Euclids. He didn’t find one, so he still claimed that Euclids was freed from all defects. Although Saccheri’s work did have on flaw. Many historians praised Saccheri’s book of 39 theorems. The first 70 pages is an ensemble of logic and geometric keenness, which can be called perfect. But all of a sudden Saccheri abruptly turns away from his carefully plotted course. In his 33rd theorem is where his flaw can be found. This is where h he breaks away from his strict logic and carefully crafted perfect work. He remarks â€Å"†¦ but this contrary to our intuitive knowledge of a straight line†. Although Saccheri ends his book by admitting that he had not completely proven the acute case and for the reason is said to have with held publication of the book during his lifetime. Even though his book came to an abrupt conclusion, Saccheri’s investigation was a crucial step in the evolving of non- Eluclidian geometries. His major achievement was to break ground for the later geome... Free Essays on The Saccheri Quadrilateral Free Essays on The Saccheri Quadrilateral The Saccheri Quadrilateral Saccheri was a Jesuit priest who lived from 1667 to 1733. Before he passed away he published a book entitled Euclides ab omni nà ¦vo vidicatus. (Euclid Freed of Every Flaw). Saccheri suggested that for a line and a point, there are three possibilities. The first is that there is exactly one line through the point parallel to the given line. The second, there is no line through the point parallel to the given line. The third is more than one line through the point parallel to the given line. Saccheri investigated the summit angles of a quadrilateral; his result depended on the postulate chosen. He tried to find a contradiction to prove that Euclids fifth postulate was true. He assumed the negation of the parallel Postulate and tried to arrive at a contradiction. He studied a family of quadrilateral that have come to be called Saccheri quadrilateral. Saccheri tried to find a contradiction; he started with postulates other than Euclids. He didn’t find one, so he still claimed that Euclids was freed from all defects. Although Saccheri’s work did have on flaw. Many historians praised Saccheri’s book of 39 theorems. The first 70 pages is an ensemble of logic and geometric keenness, which can be called perfect. But all of a sudden Saccheri abruptly turns away from his carefully plotted course. In his 33rd theorem is where his flaw can be found. This is where h he breaks away from his strict logic and carefully crafted perfect work. He remarks â€Å"†¦ but this contrary to our intuitive knowledge of a straight line†. Although Saccheri ends his book by admitting that he had not completely proven the acute case and for the reason is said to have with held publication of the book during his lifetime. Even though his book came to an abrupt conclusion, Saccheri’s investigation was a crucial step in the evolving of non- Eluclidian geometries. His major achievement was to break ground for the later geome...

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Economics - Essay Example Interest rates are used as tools by central banks to control inflation. When Bank believes inflation is beginning to rise, it raises interest rates to cool the economy and vice versa. Therefore, the long term affect of raising interest rate will be to reduce inflation. For the constructers of apartments, this might mean relatively cheaper production due to cheaper cost of resources. The supply curve will therefore shift to the right (fig.4). Constructers will be able to provide more value for the same price to the customers. Also, many of the customers who might have refused to invest in property initially when the interest price increased would now be more in terms with the market and willing to invest. In the longer run, increased interest rate would have made its impact of controlling inflation and prices for other goods would be more stable. All these factors would result in increasing the demand and would result in a shift in demand curve to the right

Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management Assignment - 3

Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management - Assignment Example Fromt his paper it is clear that for the business plans that are externally focused, tend to include what is relevant to the external stakeholders, especially financial stakeholders. The externally focused business plan will be more focused on the team driving the business plan and financial performance. Internally focused business plans are intended to focus the organization in meeting their intermediate goals. These plans may include plans to develop new products, introduction of new services, internal restructuring, partnerships etc. that is required to reach the external goals. They may cover the development of a new product, a new service, a new IT system, a restructuring of finance, the refurbishing of a factory or a restructuring of the organization.This study outlines that business plans can be used as decision making tools. Business plans in this case can help the organization stay focused in meeting its goals. During conflicts of investment directions, the business plan can be used to guide new investments, since the business plan is a representation of all the business aspects as it will show the marketing, operational, financial and human resourcing plan.  The preparation of a business plan draws people from diverse fields as one field is not sufficient enough to achieve the objectives of any business. Disciplines involved in the development of a business plan include: marketing, operation management, finance, management, and human resource, supply chain management, etc.... The preparation of a business plan draws people from diverse fields as one field is not sufficient enough to achieve the objectives of any business. Disciplines involved in the development of a business plan include: marketing, operation management, finance, management, and human resource, supply chain management, etc. Therefore the development of any business plan should be inclusive so as to gain from the knowledge and expertise of other fields (Stevenson & Gumpert, 1985, pp.85-94). 2. Idea generation A business idea can be defined as a concept to be developed and used to start a commercial venture. The concept can be about a service or a product that can be transformed into revenue generation. The business idea is the seed for a business venture without it, there is no business. Not everyone is endowed with business idea generation capabilities, idea scan be generated by an individual or as a group. The idea has to be modelled to make it viable for a business venture. Before start ing a business, an idea has to be developed and tested. Ideas can be tested by feasibility studies and piloting. If the tests prove viable then the business can start. Feasibility studies helps to sharpen business ideas as it brings the idea closer to reality from an idealistic position. At the same time, an idea can be good, tested and proved to be viable, however if the timing of implementation is bad, then the business will fail. Therefore the timing for business start should also be right (Stevenson & Gumpert, 1985, pp.85-94). 3. Strategic objectives The strategic objectives part of the business plan is focused on addressing how the company intends to get where they are going, defines the broad approach to the achievement of the